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نظام اجتماعی-اکولوژیکی
Today, the concept of resilience is perhaps most frequently applied to social-ecological systems: that is, interrelated networks of ecosystems, institutions, actors, and species (cf.
The focus of this framework is ecological resilience at a landscape scale, or "landscape resilience," as one dimension of resilience within social-ecological systems.
Other factors not considered in this framework, notably the resilience of ecosystem services and human infrastructures and institutions, are equally important considerations when assessing and improving resilience in social-ecological systems.
The evolution of resilience thinking is coupled to social-ecological systems and a truly intertwined human-environment planet.
Resilience as persistence, adaptability and, transformability of complex adaptive social-ecological systems is the focus, clarifying the dynamic and forward-looking nature of the concept.
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